Knowledge Base
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of Benzophenone-3 and Benzophenone-4 as safe and effective, over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen ingredients. When used as a sunscreen ingredient in the United States, Benzophenone-3 is called Oxybenzone, and may be used at concentrations up to 6%, and Benzophenone-4 is called Sulisobenzone, and may be used at concentrations up to 10%. The safety of Benzophenone-3 and related ingredients has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that Benzophenone-1, -3, -4, -5, -9 and -11 were safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products.
CAS: 131-56-6
Function: UV absorber.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients: - their use, safety and toxicology (Dweck Books 5) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted an OTC drug review of Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate (also called Octyl Methoxycinnamate) and approved the use of this ingredient as an active ingredient in sunscreen products up to a concentration of 7.5%. When used as an active ingredient in an OTC sunscreen product, this ingredient will be listed on the label as Octinoxate.
CAS: 5466-77-3
Function: UV filter/UV absorber.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients: - their use, safety and toxicology (Dweck Books 5) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Nigella Sativa Seed Oil is the fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Black Caraway, Nigella sativa. It is an important medicinal herb. In many Arabian, Asian and African countries, black seed oil is used as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases, including various allergies. The plant’s mechanism of action is still largely unknown. N. sativa seed oil possesses antimicrobial activity against several multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and may be used topically in susceptible cases.
CAS: 90064-32-7
Function: Emollient/ perfuming/ skin conditioning.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lists Licorice (the dried and ground rhizome and root portions of Glycyrrhiza glabra or other species of Glycyrrhiza) as a direct food substance Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). The safety of the Licorice-derived ingredients has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that all of the Licorice-derived ingredients were safe for use as cosmetic ingredients.
CAS: 84775-66-6
Function: Soothing/ smoothing/ emollient/ moisturising.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Sesamum indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil is a very lubricious and oil that leaves a soft film of protective oil on the skin to protect against moisture loss.
Also known as gingilli oil, this oil has been known since earliest antiquity, from ancient Egypt to the Indian continent, as a soothing, gentle emollient. It is an extremely good substitute for olive oil and has excellent longevity in massage preparations. Mixed with lime water, the oil is used externally to treat burns, boils and ulcers. A new antioxidant sesamol and tocopherol were obtained from seeds. The seeds and seed oil are used for medicinal purposes. As the seed oil (sesame oil) has various properties, it is the most widely used oil, by ayurvedic practitioners and pharmacy. Externally, the massage with tila oil reduces the dryness of the skin and alleviates the vata dosha. The oil can also be used in barrier creams to protect the skin from harmful UV light radiation. Because of the presence of sesamin and sesamolin, sesame oil has a strong antioxidant power; it increases the elasticity of the skin and prevents aging. It prevents thickening of the epidermis and dehydration.
The safety of Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that Sesamum Indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil was safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use.
CAS: 8008-74-0
Function: Emollient/ hair conditioning/ skin conditioning.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Centella Asiatica is one of the most exciting new materials to come under scientific scrutiny and is probably better known as Gotu Kola or Indian Pennywort. It is not related to kola and contains no caffeine. The plant is used for the treatment of abscesses, ulcers, skin eruptions, and has been shown to promote wound healing. It contains an active principle called asiaticoside, which is reported to help remedy skin lesions and improve the blood supply to connective tissue. It is also cited for eczema, psoriasis and chapped or scaly skin. The uses are supported by clinical data. Treatment of wounds, burns, and ulcerous skin ailments, and prevention of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Extracts of the plant have been employed to treat second- and third-degree burns. Extracts have been used topically to accelerate healing, particularly in cases of chronic postsurgical and post-trauma wounds. Extracts have been administered orally to treat stress-induced stomach and duodenal ulcers. The safety in topical use is rated safe
CAS: 84696-21-9
Function: Cleansing/ skin conditioning/ smoothing/ soothing/ tonic.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Castor oil is one of the richest oils known to nature and certainly one of the glossiest when applied to the skin. This oil, which is listed in both the British Pharmacopoeia and British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, is one of the most protective to the skin and is a major component of zinc and castor oil cream, which is used to prevent nappy rash. In man, castor oil has been used as a laxative, but the ingestion of high doses has resulted in vomiting, nausea, colic and, in one individual, coma. It is applied to the skin for its emollient effect, but has provoked allergic reactions in some subjects. The oil is reputed to have a soothing effect on the human eye. Variable results have been obtained in animal studies of skin irritation potential.
Traditional use: A very glossy oil on the skin. Used in lipsticks, lip balms and lip salves. Also used in transparent soaps and hair grooming products. Also cleans and softens the hair. The oil is an effective rub for inflammed skin, bruises, to prevent falling hair and to grow new hair (where hair follicles are not totally withered). Used externally for ringworm, itch, piles, sores, abscesses; hairwash for dandruff.
CAS: 8001-79-4
Function: Emollient/ skin conditioning/ moisturising/ smoothing/ solvent.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Vitamin E is found widely throughout nature, particularly in wheatgerm oil. It is one of the oil soluble vitamins and it has been used therapeutically for the treatment of numerous conditions such as sunburn, acne, rheumatic conditions, wound healing and pruritic (itching) skin conditions. It has also been shown to reduce scar forming tissue, helps prevent premature skin ageing by blocking the lipid peroxidation responsible for cell membrane damage and also inhibit erythema (skin redness) induced by UV light. It is a potent free radical scavenger (antioxidant) and excellent skin protectant.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) includes Tocopherol on its list of nutrients considered Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Tocopherol is also on FDA's list of GRAS food preservatives. The safety of Tocopherol and related ingredients (Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate, Tocophersolan, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate/ Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate) has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that Tocopherol and the related ingredients were safe as used in cosmetics and personal care products.
CAS: 59-02-9
Function: Antioxidant/ skin conditioning.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Montmorillonite is a type of refined clay, composed of hydrated aluminium silicate. It often has a natural color that is caused by the presence of trace amounts of minerals such as iron in the structure of the clay. It has similar properties to kaolin. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Pyrophyllite as a color additive exempt from certification. Pyrophyllite is allowed to be used as a color in externally applied cosmetics and personal care products and drugs if it conforms to FDA specifications. It is not allowed to be used in products intended for the lips or the eye area. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has reviewed the safety of Calcium Silicate and Bentonite and determined that they are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for use as direct food additives (Calcium Silicate at up to 2% of weight of food). Aluminum Silicate is approved for use in polymers with incidental contact with food. The safety of Aluminum Silicate and Montmorillonite has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that the ingredients were safe as used in cosmetics and personal care products.
CAS: 1318-93-0
Function: Absorbent/ bulking/ emulsion stabilising/ stabilising/ viscosity controlling.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Kaolin or China Clay is mainly hydrated aluminium silicate and is a mined mineral. It has been used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and skin care for many generations. It is used for its absorbent properties and for its emollient feel on the skin. Kaolin is used in face powders, eye shadows and masks. It is also used as a bulking agent in scrubs and masks.
CAS: 1332-58-7
Function: Absorbant/ anticaking/ abrasive/ bulking/ opacifying.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Botanical and botanically derived ingredients from olive oil used in the formulation of cosmetics are generally mild and safe. Safety substantiation of cosmetic ingredients may include tests for ocular and skin irritation as well as allergenicity, phototoxicity, photoallergenicity and mutagenicity, depending on the application or intended use.
Traditional use: An oil that is mentioned in the Bible and was known to the ancient Greeks and Phoenicians, who introduced it into Spain. This oil is legendary for its safe, gentle care and treatment of the skin. It was also used in oinments for wounds, burns, dermatosis and stretch marks, it also has breast firming and anti-inflammatory properties.
Externally, olive oil is emollient and soothing to inflamed surfaces, and is employed to soften the skin and crusts in eczema and psoriasis, and as a lubricant for massage. It is used to soften ear wax.
CAS: 8001-25--0
Function: Emollient/ solvent.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
In the traditional medicine of India, green tea is recorded as a mild excitant, stimulant, diuretic and astringent, and the leaf-infusion (tea) was formerly used to remedy fungal infections caused by insects. It has antioxidant and firming properties.
CAS: 84650-60-2
Function: Skin conditioning/ astringent/ tonic.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Soothing, calming, restoring, chamomile brings peace to the most troubled of skin. German Chamomile is an exceptionally useful and versatile member of the Compositae (daisy) family. Both the oil and the aqueous extract, which are prepared from the flowers, have beneficial properties. The water-soluble flavonoids (particularly apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside) present in the extract give it anti-inflammatory, sedative, wound healing, sedative and soothing properties.
Flower Oil: CAS: CAS: 8002-66-2
Function: Masking/Skin conditioning
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Bakuchiol has been reported to exhibit strong antibacterial effects. In relation, a comparative DNA microarray study using bakuchiol and retinol, and bakuchiol’s anti-aging potential were recently reported by Chaudhuri. Interestingly, the authors reported that Tazarotene-inducible gene 1 (TIG1) is significantly up-regulated by both bakuchiol and retinol, and the expression of TIG1 is found to be down-regulated in a variety of human cancers as well as acne, rosacea and psoriasis. Thus, it is quite conceivable to assume that the up-regulation of TIG1 gene by bakuchiol may provide a solution to problem skin. This led the authors to further examine that material’s anti-acne activity in the described study, where a specific natural 95% pure meroterpene obtained from the edible seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, Bakuchiol was evaluated to determine if it could effectively treat acne-affected skin. In addition, the authors sought to determine if bakuchiol could be used in combination with salicylic acid. Assessments were made by evaluating the material’s effects on 5-α-reductase expression, antibacterial and antifungal inhibition, collagenase and elastase inhibition, and inflammation. Its clinical efficacy also was evaluated. Based on the results, formulations containing 1% bakuchiol (and) 2% salicylic acid showed a nearly 70% reduction in acne lesions and inflammation, as judged by the acne grading system. The next best results were with 1% bakuchiol, which reduced acne by a score of about 57%, whereas 2% salicylic acid only reduced acne by about 48%. As expected, the control group provided practically no improvement in the reduction of acne.None of the subjects observed or reported any adverse reaction using these formulated products. These results clearly show that bakuchiol is an effective ingredient, especially when combined with an exfoliating agent like salicylic acid, for the treatment of acne.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
AHAs (Alpha Hydroxy Acids) are fruit acids that produce a mild exfoliating effect on the skin. In ordinary over-the-counter beauty products, they are extremely diluted (usually between 2% and 10%) in order to gently slough off superficial dead skin cells and reveal brighter, newer, more refined skin underneath. This has the added effect of increasing cell turnover for a slightly rejuvenating effect. The acids used are usually glycolic acid (from sugar cane); lactic acid (from sour milk and tomato juice); citric acid (from citrus fruits such as lemon and orange); malic acid (from apples) or tartaric acid (from grapes). Used moderately in, say, one product per day, they help refresh the skin surface, improve hydration, reduce fine lines and discolouration, and even improve dermal thickness for a plumper, younger appearance. However, when used in too many products at once (for example, in cleanser, toner, day cream and night cream), their concentrated effects can cause irritation and redness. Qualified beauty therapists and salons also use these fruit acids in stronger concentrations (typically 20%-30%) in anti-ageing peeling treatments, but they are used in the highest concentrations (of 50%-70%) by dermatologists and plastic surgeons. The medical version of the chemical peel produces a controlled burn that peels away the outer skin layers, revealing newer, smoother, tighter skin underneath and thereby reducing lines, wrinkles, crepiness, roughness, discolouration and acne scarring. However, healing may take up to two to three weeks.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Rosa Canina (Dog Rose) Hip Seed Oil is a natural lipid high in gamma-linolenic acid that enhances skin's hydration, barrier repair and moisture-retention abilities. Traditional use: rosehip seed oil is used to treat dry, scaly, cracked or devitalised skin. It is also used to treat eczema, psoriasis, severely pigmented skin and scars, as well as in a supportive capacity to treat burns and contusions.
CAS: 84603-93-0
Function: Emollient/ skin conditioning.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Charcoal Powder is the dried, carbonaceous material obtained from the heating of organic substances. It is a high activity powder carbon for use in continuous and batch dosing water treatment systems. It is manufactured from specific grades of bituminous coal to produce a high quality powder carbon. It is proven in the removal of taste and odour from water by the adsorption of contaminants such as Methyl Isoborneol and Geosmin. It is particularly efficient in the removal of pesticides from water such as Atrazine and Simazine, plus other dissolved organic matter. It can be used in the treatment of drinking water, wastewater (both domestic and industrial) and where colour causing contaminants need to be removed from water. Wet carbon in enclosed filters can deplete oxygen. No adverse effect is expected when applied to the skin, but there is no data to evalaute any effects.
CAS: 8021-96-6
Function: Abrasive/ absorbant/ opacifying.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Phospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline. Phospholipids can also act as an emulsifier, enabling oils to dissolve in water.
CAS: 123465-35-0
Function: Skin conditioning.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Peptides are proteins whose main purpose is to form a protective film over the skin surface in order to reduce moisture loss. They are made from proteins and act as cell messengers which, in skin care, may stimulate healing and cell production. Claimed to boost collagen and reverse wrinkles, they have been difficult to formulate since they are broken down by natural enzymes before they can penetrate the skin. Some new synthetic peptides (such as hexapeptides, pentapeptides and polypeptides) do this more successfully and also carry cargo to the cells. It is hoped that ongoing technology will improve their regenerative and anti-ageing abilities, but currently they are used mostly for their water-binding properties.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
One of the water soluble antioxidants, that helps to mop up potentially damaging free radicals and protect the skin from environmental and solar damage.
Function: Antioxidant Buffering Fragrance Skin Conditioning
CAS: 50-81-7,
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients: - their use, safety and toxicology (Dweck Books 5) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Source : Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Cranberry oil is made by cold pressing the seeds of the cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and is extremely rich in tocotrienols and are used as a highly nourishing and moisturizing ingredient – yet is light and non greasy. Cranberry oil is not only the highest unsaturated oil around, but is also high in antioxidants, and for this reason is used in anti-aging products, as antioxidants help to eliminate free radicals, which cause oxidative stress which leads to premature aging. Tocotrienols are one of the two groups of molecules belonging to the vitamin E family and they have an unsaturated isoprenoid or farnesyl side chain possessing three double bonds. These tocotrienols have been shown to be highly effective in protecting the skin from stress caused by sunlight. Cranberry oil if furthermore an excellent source of Omega-3, Omega-6 as well as Omega-9 fatty acids. Omega 3 fatty acids have been found to reduce the damage and aging caused by sunlight, and also improve elasticity and protect skin hydration. Omega 3 and 6 oils have also proven to be successful in the treatment of psoriasis and eczema.
CAS: 91770-88-6
Function: Skin conditioning.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Propolis cera is the waxy component of the resinous material found in beehives, is produced by bees and is used as a construction material for repairs. To protect the hive and its nutritious contents from attack by micro-organisms, propolis has anti-microbial properties. Propolis is comprised of a complex of chemicals (especially flavonoids), which play a role as antiviral and antibacterial agents. Analysis of this material shows it to be almost identical to the resin found on the leaf buds of the Birch (Betula verrucosa). It is already used in alternative medicine and has been examined for its antibiotic properties, but it is likely that even greater information on this material will appear in the future. No side effects have been reported for propolis. Propolis has been reported to be non-irritating and safe for topical use.
CAS: 85665-41-4
Function: Antiseborrhoeic/ moisturising/ smoothing.
Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Calendula is good for the treatment of wounds because of its antiseptic action; a local remedy assisting local action and preventing suppuration. Reduces swelling of wasp or bee stings and helps to relieve the pain. Lotion is useful for sprains and bruises. The water is useful for sore and inflamed eyes.Calendula Oil CLR contains the lipophilic ingredients and aromas of calendula flowers in a soy oil medium. It protects dry, scaly, and stressed skin and is thus suitable for the protective care of sensitive skin, e.g., babies‘ skin.
In the 16th century, marigold was a common garden plant valued by herbalists for comforting the heart and soothing the spirit. The dried flowers went into the making of broths and teas, and were used to color cheese. It was known to the Romans, Greeks, ancient Egyptians, Arabs and Hindus. The generic name derives from the Latin calends meaning “throughout the months,” a reference to the lengthy flowering season of the marigold. It was used in wedding bouquets because it represents constant love in flower symbolism.
CAS: 84776-23-8
Function: Emollient.
Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Oatmeal or oatbran has been valued for its soothing and absorbent properties for hundreds of years, and these benefits also make it ideal for products designed for redness-prone, sensitive or irritated skins, as well as those suffering from allergies, insect bites, psoriasis and sunburn. The ingredient also absorbs excess oil, reduces redness and heals spots, whilst providing thickening benefits to formulations, and it even provides a tautening effect on loose, sagging skin. It is therefore used in body care, face masks, hand creams, moisturisers, soaps and suncare.
Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Cucumis Sativus (Cucmber) Fruit has been popular for its cooling, soothing properties since Cleopatra was a girl, and it is still contained in a wide variety of anti-inflammatory, calming, hydrating and refreshing products. These include aftersuns, body lotions, eye pads, skin fresheners and moisturisers, as well as treatments for oily skin and tightening agents for sagging or stressed skin. The literature contains a wealth of information on the use of cucumber for the care of the skin. Among many of the virtues are that it is cooling to delicate and inflamed skin, soothing, smoothing and refreshing. In China, the name for this plant is Hua Gua, where it is also known as “Grandmother’s Younger Face Slave”. This is a foodstuff and unlikely to cause any reaction on the skin.
CAS: 8024-36-0
Function: Emollient/skin conditioning
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Avocado or Alligator Pear is rich in selenium, vitamin E and a host of other nutrients that are beneficial to the skin. The presence of materials called triglycerides and natural sterols coupled with the excellent skin penetrating properties of this oil, make it an ideal choice for skin that is looking dull and lifeless. It has been used for the treatment of a number chronic skin conditions with proven success. .
A light, fast penetrating oil that was reported to be absorbed faster by the skin than corn, soybean, almond and olive oils. ß-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmsterol, brassicasterol, delta5-Avenastenol, tocopherols and other unidentified sterols.
Skin and eye test tolerance are excellent. Application of avocado oil to the skin caused no irritation in humans, but two cases of possible sensitization have been reported. Skin irritation and mild eye effects were seen in rabbits treated with certain avocado oils. Repeated oral administration produced some liver effects in rats. The safety of Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil was safe for use as used in cosmetics and personal care products. In 2001, as part of the scheduled re-evaluation of ingredients, the CIR Expert Panel considered available new data on Persea Gratissima (Avocado) Oil and reaffirmed the above conclusion.
CAS: 8024-32-6
Function: Emollient.
Source Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
Although the soft interior stem can be used as a source for heart of palm, acai is better known for its fruit, which tastes like a blend of berry and chocolate. The acai fruit is round, reddish-purple, and one to two cm in diameter, with the seeds constituting about 80% of the fruit. The acai berry is a relative of the blueberry, cranberry, and other dark purple fruits. A variety of acai berry products are available for consumers, including juices, powders, tablets, and capsules. In recent times, research on acai fruit has been centered on its potential antioxidant properties. Acai fruit has also shown antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro; possibly related to its antioxidant content. Preliminary in vivo experimentation has also indicated that acai fruit pulp may be a useful alternative oral contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, evidence in support the use of acai in human is lacking for any indication.
CAS: 861902-11-6
Function: Skin conditioning agent - occlusive.
Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data. Kindle Edition.
